When may a magistrate issue a warrant of arrest or summons?

A magistrate may issue a warrant of arrest or summons when certain legal conditions are met, primarily involving a formal complaint made under oath. This reflects the concept that the issuance of such legal documents is grounded in due process and requires verification of probable cause.

When a person makes an oath against another, it means that an individual is formally stating under oath—sworn testimony—that they believe a crime has occurred, providing the necessary foundation for the magistrate's review. This helps ensure that warrants are not issued lightly and are supported by credible allegations.

Additionally, a magistrate can indeed issue these legal documents when authorized by verbal order in specific situations, such as dealing with emergencies where immediate action is needed to prevent harm or loss. However, both scenarios (making an oath and verbal orders) collectively establish the legal framework within which a magistrate operates concerning the issuance of warrants and summons.

Thus, the correct choice encompasses both the scenario of a sworn complaint and the option where verbal authorization is appropriate, providing a comprehensive understanding of the magistrate's authority in these contexts.