In what situation can law enforcement officers conduct a search without a warrant?

Law enforcement officers can conduct a search without a warrant in situations where they are permitted under the legal doctrine known as "plain view." If, during a lawful traffic stop, an officer observes illegal items that are visible without having to manipulate or search further, they are in a position to seize those items. This principle rests on the idea that if something is in plain view and the officer has a legal right to be in that position, they can take action based on what they see.

In contrast, merely acting suspiciously does not provide sufficient grounds for a search without a warrant, as suspicion alone is not a legal standard for probable cause. Additionally, if a suspect refuses to consent to a search, officers typically cannot proceed without a warrant or probable cause. Lastly, a court order is not necessary for searches that fall under established exceptions to the warrant requirement, such as the plain view doctrine. Thus, the circumstances during a traffic stop where illegal items are visible align clearly with legal precedents allowing warrantless searches.